This experiment is just for advanced students. If you guessed that this has to do with electricity and chemistry, you’re right! But you might wonder how they work together. Back in 1800, William Nicholson and Johann Ritter were the first ones to split water into hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis. (Soon afterward, Ritter went on to figure out electroplating.) They added energy in the form of an electric current into a cup of water and captured the bubbles forming into two separate cups, one for hydrogen and other for oxygen.
This experiment is not an easy one, so feel free to skip it if you need to. You don’t need to do this to get the concepts of this lesson but it’s such a neat and classical experiment (my students love it) so you can give it a try if you want to. The reason I like this is because what you are really doing in this experiment is ripping molecules apart and then later crashing them back together.
Have fun and please follow the directions carefully. This could be dangerous if you’re not careful. The image shown here is using graphite from two pencils sharpened on both ends, but the instructions below use wire. Feel free to try both to see which types of electrodes provide the best results.
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You will need:
- 2 test tubes or thin glass or plastic something closed at one end. I do not recommend anything wider than a half inch in diameter.
- 2 two wires, one needs to be copper, at least 12 inches long. Both wires need to have bare ends.
- 1 Cup
- Water
- One 9 volt battery
- Long match or a long thin piece of wood (like a popsicle stick) and a match
- Rubber bands
- Masking tape
- Salt
Download Student Worksheet & Exercises
1. Fill the cup with water.
2. Put a tablespoon or so of salt into the water and stir it up. (The salt allows the electricity to flow better through the water.)
2. Put one wire into the test tube and rubber band it to the test tube so that it won’t come out (see picture).
3. Use the masking tape to attach both wires to the battery. Make sure the wire that is in the test tube is connected to the negative (-) pole of the battery and that the other is connected to the positive (+) pole. Don’t let the bare parts of the different wires touch. They could get very hot if they do.
4. Fill the test tube to the brim with the salt water.
5. This is the tricky part. Put your finger over the test tube, turn it over and put the test tube, open side down, into the cup of water. (See picture.)
6. Now put the other wire into the water. Be careful not to let the bare parts of the wires touch.
7. You should see bubbles rising into the test tube. If you don’t see bubbles, check the other wire. If bubbles are coming from the other wire either switch the wires on the battery connections or put the wire that is bubbling into the test tube and remove the other. If you see no bubbles check the connections on the battery.
8. When the test tube is half full of gas (half empty of salt water depending on how you look at it) light the long match or the wooden stick. Then take the test tube out of the water and let the water drain out. Holding the test tube with the open end down, wait for five seconds and put the burning stick deep into the test tube (the flame will probably go out but that’s okay). You should hear an instant pop and see a flash of light. If you don’t, light the stick again and try it another time. For some reason, it rarely works the first time but usually does the second or third.
A water molecule, as you saw before, is two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The electricity encouraged the oxygen to react with the copper wire leaving the hydrogen atoms with no oxygen atom to hang onto. The bubbles you saw were caused by the newly released hydrogen atoms floating through the test tube in the form of hydrogen gas. Eventually that test tube was part way filled with nothing but pure hydrogen gas.
But how do you know which bubbles are which? You can tell the difference between the two by the way they ignite (don’t’ worry – you’re only making a tiny bit of each one, so this experiment is completely safe to do with a grown up).
It takes energy to split a water molecule. (On the flip side, when you combine oxygen and hydrogen together, it makes water and a puff of energy. That’s what a fuel cell does.) Back to splitting the water molecule – as the electricity zips through your wires, the water molecule breaks apart into smaller pieces: hydrogen ions (positively charged hydrogen) and oxygen ions (negatively charged oxygen). Remember that a battery has a plus and a minus charge to it, and that positive and negative attract each other.
So, the positive hydrogen ions zip over to the negative terminal and form tiny bubbles right on the wire. Same thing happens on the positive battery wire. After a bit of time, the ions form a larger gas bubble. If you stick a cup over each wire, you can capture the bubbles and when you’re ready, ignite each to verify which is which.
If the match burns brighter, the gas is oxygen. If you hear a POP!, the gas is hydrogen. Oxygen itself is not flammable, so you need a fuel in addition to the oxygen for a flame. In one case, the fuel is hydrogen, and hence you hear a pop as it ignites. In the other case, the fuel is the match itself, and the flame glows brighter with the addition of more oxygen.
When you put the match to it, the energy of the heat causes the hydrogen to react with the oxygen in the air and “POP”, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form what? That’s right, more water. You have destroyed and created water! (It’s a very small amount of water so you probably won’t see much change in the test tube.)
The chemical equations going on during this electrolysis process look like this:
A reduction reaction is happening at the negatively charged cathode. Electrons from the cathode are sticking to the hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas:
2 H+(aq) + 2e– –> H2(g)
2 H2O(l) + 2e– –> H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
The oxidation reaction is occurring at the positively charged anode as oxygen is being generated:
2 H2O(l) –> O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e–
4 OH–(aq) –> O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e-
Overall reaction:
2 H2O(l) –> 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Note that this reaction creates twice the amount of hydrogen than oxygen molecules. If the temperature and pressure for both are the same, you can expect to get twice the volume of hydrogen to oxygen gas (This relationship between pressure, temperature, and volume is the Ideal Gas Law principle.)
This is the idea behind vehicles that run on sunlight and water. They use a solar panel (instead of a 9V battery) to break apart the hydrogen and oxygen and store them in separate tanks, then run them both back together through a fuel cell, which captures the energy (released when the hydrogen and oxygen recombine into water) and turns the car’s motor. Cool, isn’t it?
Note: We’re going to focus on Alternative Energy in Unit 12 and create all sorts of various energy sources including how to make your own solar battery, heat engine, solar & fuel cell vehicles (as described above), and more!
Exercises
- Why are bubbles forming?
- Did bubbles form at both wires, or only one? What kind of bubbles are they?
- What would happen if you did this experiment with plain water? Would it work? Why or why not?
- Which terminal (positive or negative) produced the hydrogen gas?
- Did the reaction create more hydrogen or more oxygen?
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This simple FET circuit is really an electronic version of the 
Einstein received a Nobel Prize for figuring out what happens when you shine blue light on a sheet of metal. When he aimed a blue light on a metal plate, electrons shot off the surface. (Metals have electrons which are free to move around, which is why metals are electrically conductive. More on this in Unit 10).
Let’s go a little further with this shell thing. An atom can have as few as one and as many as seven shells. Imagine our balloon again. Now there can be a balloon inside of a balloon inside a balloon and so on. Up to seven balloons! Each balloon, whoops, I mean shell, can have only so many electrons in it. This simple equation 2n2 tells you how many electrons can be in each shell. The n stands for the number of the shell.
Luckily, two Hydrogen atoms happen by. Each one of them has only one electron in its outer shell and needs one more to be satisfied. If both Hydrogens share their one electron with the Oxygen, the oxygen has eight electrons and is satisfied. Also, if the Oxygen shares an electron with each Hydrogen, then both Hydrogens are satisfied as well. Just like your mother told you, it’s nice to share. It is this sharing of electrons that makes atoms come together to form molecules.
Make yourself a grab bag of fun things to test: copper pieces (nails or pipe pieces), zinc washers, pipe cleaners, Mylar, aluminum foil, pennies, nickels, keys, film canisters, paper clips, load stones (magnetic rock), other rocks, and just about anything else in the back of your desk drawer.
If you watch the moon, you’d notice that it rises in the east and sets in the west. This direction is called ‘prograde motion’. The stars, sun, and moon all follow the same prograde motion, meaning that they all move across the sky in the same direction.
