This lab is a physical model of what happens on Mercury when two magnetic fields collide and form magnetic tornadoes.
You’ll get to investigate what an invisible magnetic tornado looks like when it sweeps across Mercury.
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Using the position of the Sun, you can tell what time it us by making one of these sundials. The Sun will cast a shadow onto a surface marked with the hours, and the time-telling gnomon edge will align with the proper time.
In general, sundials are susceptible to different kinds of errors. If the sundial isn’t pointed north, it’s not going to work. If the sundial’s gnomon isn’t perpendicular, it’s going to give errors when you read the time. Latitude and longitude corrections may also need to be made. Some designs need to be aligned with the latitude they reside at (in effect, they need to be tipped toward the Sun at an angle). To correct for longitude, simply shift the sundial to read exactly noon when indicated on your clock. This is especially important for sundials that lie between longitudinal standardized time zones. If daylight savings time is in effect, then the sundial timeline must be shifted to accommodate for this. Most shifts are one hour.
Today you get to learn how to read an astronomical chart to find out when the Sun sets, when twilight ends, which planets are visible, when the next full moon occurs, and much more. This is an excellent way to impress your friends.
The patterns of stars and planets stay the same, although they appear to move across the sky nightly, and different stars and planets can be seen in different seasons.
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Kepler’s Laws of planetary orbits explain why the planets move at the speeds they do. You’ll be making a scale model of the solar system and tracking orbital speeds.
Kepler’s 1st Law states that planetary orbits about the Sun are not circles, but rather ellipses. The Sun lies at one of the foci of the ellipse. Kepler’s 2nd Law states that a line connecting the Sun and an orbiting planet will sweep out equal areas in for a given amount of time. Translation: the further away a planet is from the Sun, the slower it goes.
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How do astronomers find planets around distant stars? If you look at a star through binoculars or a telescope, you’ll quickly notice how bright the star is, and how difficult it is to see anything other than the star, especially a small planet that doesn’t generate any light of its own! Astronomers look for a shift, or wobble, of the star as it gets gravitationally “yanked” around by the orbiting planets. By measuring this wobble, astronomers can estimate the size and distance of larger orbiting objects.
Doppler spectroscopy is one way astronomers find planets around distant stars. If you recall the lesson where we created our own solar system in a computer simulation, you remember how the star could be influenced by a smaller planet enough to have a tiny orbit of its own. This tiny orbit is what astronomers are trying to detect with this method.
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It just so happens that the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times larger than the Moon, but the Moon is 400 times closer than the Sun. This makes the Sun and Moon appear to be about the same size in the sky as viewed from Earth. This is also why the eclipse thing is such a big deal for our planet.
You’re about to make your own eclipses as you learn about syzygy. A total eclipse happens about once every year when the Moon blocks the Sun’s light. Lunar eclipses occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are lined up in a straight line with the Earth in the. Lunar eclipses last hours, whereas solar eclipses last only minutes.
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A meteoroid is a small rock that zooms around outer space. When the meteoroid zips into the Earth’s atmosphere, it’s now called a meteor or “shooting star”. If the rock doesn’t vaporize en route, it’s called a meteorite as soon as it whacks into the ground. The word meteor comes from the Greek word for “high in the air.”
Meteorites are black, heavy (almost twice the normal rock density), and magnetic. However, there is an Earth-made rock that is also black, heavy, and magnetic (magnetite) that is not a meteorite. To tell the difference, scratch a line from both rocks onto an unglazed tile. Magnetite will leave a mark whereas the real meteorite will not.
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You are going to start observing the Sun and tracking sunspots across the Sun using one of two different kinds of viewers so you can figure out how fast the Sun rotates. Sunspots are dark, cool areas with highly active magnetic fields on the Sun’s surface that last from hours to months. They are dark because they aren’t as bright as the areas around them, and they extend down into the Sun as well as up into the magnetic loops.
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Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue? Or why the sunset is red? Or what color our sunset would be if we had a blue giant instead of a white star? This lab will answer those questions by showing how light is scattered by the atmosphere.
Particles in the atmosphere determine the color of the planet and the colors we see on its surface. The color of the star also affects the color of the sunset and of the planet.
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One common misconception is that the seasons are caused by how close the Earth is to the Sun. Today you get to do an experiment that shows how seasons are affected by axis tilt, not by distance from the Sun. And you also find out which planet doesn’t have sunlight for 42 years.
The seasons are caused by the Earth’s axis tilt of 23.4o from the ecliptic plane.
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Telescopes and binoculars are pretty useless unless you know where to point them. I am going to show you some standard constellations and how to find them in the night sky, so you’ll never be lost again in the ocean of stars overhead. We’re going to learn how to go star gazing using planetarium software, and how to customize to your location in the world so you know what you’re looking at when you look up into the sky tonight!
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Helioseismology is the study of wave oscillations in the Sun. By studying the waves, scientists can tell what’s going on inside the Sun. It’s like studying earthquakes to learn what’s going on inside the earth. The Sun is filled with sound, and studying these sound waves is currently the only way scientists can tell what’s going on inside, since the light we see from the Sun is just from the upper surface.
Molecules are vibrating back and forth at fairly high rates of speed, creating waves. Energy moves from place to place by waves. Sound energy moves by longitudinal waves (the waves that are like a slinky). The molecules vibrate back and forth, crashing into the molecules next to them, causing them to vibrate, and so on and so forth. All sounds come from vibrations.
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On a clear night when Jupiter is up, you’ll be able to view the four moons of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede, Io, and Callisto) and the largest moon of Saturn (Titan) with only a pair of binoculars. The question is: Which moon is which? This lab will let you in on the secret to figuring it out.
You get to learn how to locate a planet in the sky with a pair of binoculars, and also be able to tell which moon is which in the view.
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If you want to get from New York to Los Angeles by car, you’d pull out a map. If you want to find the nearest gas station, you’d pull out a smaller map. What if you wanted to find our nearest neighbor outside our solar system? A star chart is a map of the night sky, divided into smaller parts (grids) so you don’t get too overwhelmed. Astronomers use these star charts to locate stars, planets, moons, comets, asteroids, clusters, groups, binary stars, black holes, pulsars, galaxies, planetary nebulae, supernovae, quasars, and more wild things in the intergalactic zoo.
How to find two constellations in the sky tonight, and how to get those constellations down on paper with some degree of accuracy.
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When high energy radiation strikes the Earth from space, it’s called cosmic rays. To be accurate, a cosmic ray is not like a ray of sunshine, but rather is a super-fast particle slinging through space. Think of throwing a grain of sand at a 100 mph… and that’s what we call a ‘cosmic ray’. Build your own electroscope with this video!
The Moon appears to change in the sky. One moment it’s a big white circle, and next week it’s shaped like a sideways bike helmet. There’s even a day where it disappears altogether. So what gives?
The Sun illuminates half of the Moon all the time. Imagine shining a flashlight on a beach ball. The half that faces the light is lit up. There’s no light on the far side, right? For the Moon, which half is lit up depends on the rotation of the Moon. And which part of the illuminated side we can see depends on where we are when looking at the Moon. Sound complicated? This lab will straighten everything out so it makes sense.
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Many wonders are visible when flying over the Earth at night, especially if you are an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS)! Passing below are white clouds, orange city lights, lightning flashes in thunderstorms, and dark blue seas. On the horizon is the golden haze of Earth’s thin atmosphere, frequently decorated by dancing auroras as the video progresses. The green parts of auroras typically remain below the space station, but the station flies right through the red and purple auroral peaks. You’ll also see solar panels of the ISS around the frame edges. The wave of approaching brightness at the end of each sequence is just the dawn of the sunlit half of Earth, a dawn that occurs every 90 minutes, as the ISS travels at 5 miles per second to keep from crashing into the earth.
Video Credit: Gateway to Astronaut Photography, NASA
If you’ve never done this experiment, you have to give it a try! This activity will show you the REAL reason that you should never look at the sun through anything that has lenses in it.
Because this activity involves fire, make sure you do this on a flame-proof surface and not your dining room table! Good choices are your driveway, cement parking lot, the concrete sidewalk, or a large piece of ceramic tile. Don’t do this experiment in your hand, or you’re in for a hot, nasty surprise.
As with all experiments involving fire, flames, and so forth, do this with adult help (you’ll probably find they want to do this with you!) and keep your fire extinguisher handy.
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Here’s what you need to do:
Did you know you can create a compound microscope and a refractor telescope using the same materials? It’s all in how you use them to bend the light. These two experiments cover the fundamental basics of how two double-convex lenses can be used to make objects appear larger when right up close or farther away.
Things like lenses and mirrors can bend and bounce light to make interesting things, like compound microscopes and reflector telescopes. Telescopes magnify the appearance of some distant objects in the sky, including the moon and the planets. The number of stars that can be seen through telescopes is dramatically greater than can be seen by the unaided eye.
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You might be curious about how to observe the sun safely without losing your eyeballs. There are many different ways to observe the sun without damaging your eyesight. In fact, the quickest and simplest way to do this is to build a super-easy pinhole camera that projects an image of the sun onto an index card for you to view.
CAUTION: DO NOT LOOK AT THE SUN THROUGH ANYTHING WITH LENSES!!
This simple activity requires only these materials:
Did you know you can see the moons of Jupiter and Saturn with only a pair of binoculars? During the summer, there’s really nothing better than star gazing with a pair of binoculars with your kids, and I’m going to help you hit the highlights, even if you don’t know an atom from an angström. I’ve put together a list of my favorite picks from the northern hemisphere’s summer sky. So get out your binoculars, pop the popcorn, and spend time outdoors with your kids.
Need a pair of binoculars? For kids, I recommend the $35 pair Cometron by Celestron. They’re great for kids and beginners, and you can use them for terrestrial bird-watching as well as night-sky observing.
For adults, Orion’s 10×50 UltraViews are excellent. I personally own a set of these, and I’ve also added an L-adapter and camera tripod for longer viewing sessions.
We are going to have monthly stargazing! All you need are clear, dark skies and a group of kids! You don’t need binoculars, but they can be nice to have.
Here are star gazing videos you can watch by month:
Stargazing July 2020 (Coming soon!)
Stargazing August 2020 (Coming soon!)
A pulsar is a specific type of neutron star, so let’s start there. Neutron stars are made when a star slightly more massive than our Sun dies and goes supernova. In a supernova event, large amounts of radiation explodes out from the star, causing a brilliant flash of light which can sometimes outshine an entire galaxy.
At the same time, gravity causes the core of the star to collapse into a neutron star. Neutron stars are made almost entirely of neutrons (hence the name), and are MUCH smaller in size than their parent stars. Since a neutron star keeps most of the angular momentum from its parent star but has a significantly smaller radius, it spins with very high rotational speeds. These speeds typically lead to rotational periods ranging from milliseconds to seconds.
In addition to spinning quickly, neutron stars also commonly have very strong magnetic fields that can accelerate electromagnetic particles and eject them out along the magnetic poles of the star at extremely high velocities. This results in neutron stars emitting spinning beams of radiation, or light.
These are a set of videos made using planetarium software to help you see how the stars and planets move over the course of months and years. See what you think and tell us what you learned by writing your comments in the box below.
You can really feel the Earth rolling around under you as you watch these crazy star trails.
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Ever wonder exactly how far away the planets really are? Here’s the reason they usually don’t how the planets and their orbits to scale – they would need a sheet of paper nearly a mile long!
To really get the hang of how big and far away celestial objects really are, find a long stretch of road that you can mark off with chalk. We’ve provided approximate (average) orbital distances and sizes for building your own scale model of the solar system.
When building this model, start by marking off the location of the sun (you can use chalk or place the objects we have suggested below as placeholders for the locations). Are you ready to find out what’s out there? Then let’s get started.
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After you've participated in the Planetarium Star Show (either live or by listening to the MP3 download), treat your kids to a Solar System Treasure Hunt! You'll need some sort of treasure (I recommend astronomy books or a pair of my favorite binoculars, but you can also use 'Mars' candy bars or home made chocolate chip cookies (call them Galaxy Clusters) instead.
You can print out the clues and hide these around your house on a rainy day. Did you know that I made these clues up myself as a refresher course after the astronomy presentation? Enjoy!
You know you're not supposed to look at the sun, so how can you study it safely? I'm going to show you how to observe the sun safely using a very inexpensive filter. I actually keep one of these in the glove box of my car so I can keep track of certain interesting sunspots during the week!
The visible surface of the sun is called the photosphere, and is made mostly of plasma (remember the grape experiment?) that bubbles up hot and cold regions of gas. When an area cools down, it becomes darker (called sunspots). Solar flares (massive explosions on the surface), sunspots, and loops are all related the sun’s magnetic field. While scientists are still trying to figure this stuff out, here’s the latest of what they do know...
The sun is a large ball of really hot gas - which means there are lots of naked charged particles zipping around. And the sun also rotates, but the poles and the equator move and different speeds (don’t forget – it’s not a solid ball but more like a cloud of gas). When charged particles move, they make magnetic fields (that’s one of the basic laws of physics). And the different rotation rates allow the magnetic fields to ‘wind up’ and cause massive magnetic loops to eject from the surface, growing stronger and stronger until they wind up flipping the north and south poles of the sun (called ‘solar maximum’). The poles flip every eleven years.
There have been several satellites specially created to observe the sun, including Ulysses (launched 1990, studied solar wind and magnetic fields at the poles), Yohkoh (1991-2001, studied x-rays and gamma radiation from solar flares), SOHO (launched 1995, studies interior and surface), and TRACE (launched 1998, studies the corona and magnetic field).
Ok - so back to observing the sun form your own house. Here's what you need to do:
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) zooms around the Earth once every 90 minutes (about 5 miles per second), and in August 2008, Hubble completed 100,000 orbits! Although the HST was not the first space telescope, is the one of the largest and most publicized scientific instrument around. Hubble is a collaboration project between NASA and the ESA (European Space Agency), and is one of NASA’s “Great Observatories” (others include Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and Spitzer Space Telescope). Anyone can apply for time on the telescope (you do not need to be affiliated with any academic institution or company), but it’s a tight squeeze to get on the schedule.
Hubble’s orbit zooms high in the upper atmosphere to steer clear of the obscuring haze of molecules in the sea of air. Hubble’s orbit slowly decays over time and begins to spiral back into Earth until the astronauts bump it back up into a higher orbit.
But how does a satellite stay in orbit? Try this experiment now:
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